In the body, the fewer the main points the better. One special type of transition is called the internal summary, a brief restatement of the main point being completed. Common transition phrases include: in addition to, furthermore, even more, next, after that, then, as a result, beyond that, in contrast, however, and on the other hand. Good transitions show the relation between parts of a speech. Having a mode of organization means grouping similar material together and linking the component parts together with transitions. The body follows and is itself structured by a mode of organization, a logical or culturally specific pattern of thinking about ideas, events, objects, and processes. The preview should end with a transition, a brief phrase or a pause to signal to the audience that the speech is moving out of the introduction and into the body. Repetition is an important aspect of public speaking, for listening is an imperfect art, and audience members nearly always tune out in parts-sometimes to think about previous parts of the speech, sometimes for other reasons. Mentioning the main points to be covered in the body prepares the audience to listen for them. In addition, if you express ideas that are original and intelligent, you will show what “intellectual character.” Audiences pay attention to habits of thought that are interesting and worth listening to. Making eye contact with the audience and displaying confidence in voice and body are two important ways to establish ethos. Ethos is generated by both delivery style and content of the speech.
The audience needs to see the speaker as someone to listen to attentively and sympathetically.
Many people believe the most important part of persuasion was ethos, or the character the speaker exhibited to the audience. Speakers need to orient the audience and make connections between what they know or are already interested in and the speech topic.Įstablish goodwill and credibility. (Rhetorical questions like “Haven’t you ever wondered how…” are notoriously ineffective.) The introduction is the place where the main claim or idea should be stated very clearly to give the audience a sense of the purpose of the speech. Speakers must have an “attention grabber” to interest the audience-a joke, astonishing fact, or anecdote. The introduction needs to accomplish three things:įocus your audience's attention. For most classroom speeches, the introduction should last less than a minute. The introduction of the speech establishes the first, crucial contact between the speaker and the audience. Speeches are organized into three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. Second, organization increases the likelihood that the speech will be effectiveĪudiences are unlikely to understand disorganized speeches and even less likely to think that disorganized speakers are reliable or credible. First, organization helps improve clarity of thought in a systematic way. Organizing speeches serves two important functions.
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